X-Ray Man

Broken bones and suspicious masses ran wild in Territorial Arizona until the arrival of crusading healer Dr. Ancil Martin and one game-changing piece of technology. But that’s not all he did.

Visiting the doctor in 19th-century Arizona was a grim prospect for patients – and an experience that would not qualify as “health care” by modern standards. Medical equipment resembled steampunk-inspired torture devices. Physicians performed surgery using little sterilization and treated ailments with quack cures or elixirs that sometimes did more harm than good. Readily available morphine, opium and laudanum dulled the pain but created addicts. Amazingly, most patients survived despite these depredations.

Dr. Ancil Martin; Photo Courtesy Arizona Medical Association
Dr. Ancil Martin; Photo Courtesy Arizona Medical Association

“Frontier Arizona was a great place for a doctor to start a practice – and that’s what many of them did: practice,” Arizona state historian Marshall Trimble says. “It was a place where they could improvise at will without the same restraints as their Eastern colleagues.” 

Fortunately for early Arizonans, this Wild West medical milieu would receive a needed dose of professionalism in the guise of Dr. Ancil Martin, a tireless public health advocate who set the stage for the high-tech health care Arizona now enjoys.

Martin, an Iowa native, studied at the University of Michigan and Rush Medical College of Chicago, from which he graduated in 1885. He trained as an eye and ear specialist in Pittsburgh, New York City and Iowa, where he became president of the state’s medical society. He came to Arizona in 1891 following his older brother, John Martin Jr., and his father, John Martin Sr., contractors who had relocated to construct the Toltec Canal, which diverted water from the Gila River west of Gila Bend, in 1888.

It didn’t take long for Martin to make an impact after arriving. In addition to his ear and eye practice, he lectured frequently and advocated for the highest health standards. In 1892, Martin organized and served as president of the Arizona Medical Association, which sought to prohibit charlatan medical practitioners. Five years later, Martin persuaded the Territorial Legislature to establish a board of medical examiners, which still exists today as the Arizona Medical Board.

Perhaps most importantly, soon after his arrival in 1892, Martin warned the Phoenix City Council that the soil “became surcharged with feces… until it was ready to become a hotbed for the culture of contagion and infectious diseases,” according to the Arizona Silver Belt newspaper. Deaths were already occurring from diphtheria and scarlet fever.

German scientist Wilhelm Röntgen with his invention, the X-ray screen; Photo Courtesy Arizona Medical Association
German scientist Wilhelm Röntgen with his invention, the X-ray screen; Photo Courtesy Arizona Medical Association
Trolley Glasgow’s X-ray campaign, 1957; Photo Courtesy Wikimedia Commons
Trolley Glasgow’s X-ray campaign, 1957; Photo Courtesy Wikimedia Commons

Trimble says that Martin’s direct and damning testimony was a strong force in creating a sanitary sewer system to replace the privies and cesspools that served the community. “At the time, people were becoming more aware that bad sanitation was the root of many contagious diseases.”

Not content with these achievements, in 1896, Martin leased the Alhambra Hotel at Third Avenue and Adams Street in Phoenix to open a tuberculosis sanitarium. According to the Arizona Journal Miner, the hotel had “an air of elegance and yet a homelike appearance.” Still, it didn’t flourish, and was converted to other medical uses the following year.

U.S. Steel clinic X-ray, 1920; Photo Courtesy Library of Congress
U.S. Steel clinic X-ray, 1920; Photo Courtesy Library of Congress

A proponent of modern equipment, Martin hauled Arizona into the 20th century by bringing the first X-ray machine to the state in 1898, just a few years after its invention by German scientist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen. Martin wanted to use X-rays for his ophthalmology practice, and he had a machine built in New York to his specification and brought it back to Phoenix. He used the X-ray to locate foreign bodies in the eye. 

Martin’s contributions to public health in Arizona went well beyond the examination room. He achieved international fame from his observations connected with a local bounty placed on jackrabbits feasting on alfalfa fields in 1907. “Thousands of these long-eared speeders were rounded up and driven into pens or corrals like sheep and cattle, there to be killed by clubs,” wrote Will C. Barnes about Martin’s discovery in The Scientific Monthly in 1928. “Many of the animals were skinned and used for home consumption and more commonly as food for hogs.”

Other Pioneering M.D.s

In the wake of this extermination, Martin had patients suffering from symptoms similar to typhoid fever, but with ulcers on the eyes and hands. The doctor reported the infections and made the connection to handling the rabbits. This was the first record of tularemia, a disease sometimes called “Rabbit Fever.” In 1925, Martin was declared the “Father of Tularemia” by the U.S. Public Health Service. “This is regarded as probably the most significant honor which ever came to the medical profession in Arizona,” stated Martin’s obituary in The Arizona Republic in 1926.

Although committed to his healing vocation, like many Territorial residents, Martin had an eye toward the state’s underground riches. In 1906, he purchased the Harquahala Mine, which produced gold near the town of
Salome in western Arizona. His older brother, John Martin Jr., managed the operation for 12 years. It seems that no one, not even a crusading public health defender, was immune to the lure of gold fever.

Photo Courtesy Boido Family
Photo Courtesy Boido Family

Dr. Rosa Goodrich Boido 

Dr. Boido, a graduate of Cooper Medical College in San Francisco, became Arizona’s first female physician in 1903. She and her husband, Dr. Lorenzo Boido, relocated from Tucson to Phoenix in 1911 and opened the Twilight Sleep Hospital at 300 E. Adams St., specializing in obstetrics and gynecology. In 1918, Boido was charged with performing an abortion and, in a controversial case, was found guilty. The doctor served two months in the Arizona State Prison in Florence before moving to California. She died in 1959 at age 89.

Photo Courtesy Winstona Hackett
Photo Courtesy Winstona Hackett

Dr. Winston Hackett

Dr. Hackett, a graduate of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of San Francisco with later coursework at Meharry Medical College in Nashville, arrived in Phoenix in 1916 as the state’s first African American physician, specializing in obstetrics. He delivered newborns in an office in Downtown Phoenix until 1921, when he opened the Booker T. Washington Memorial Hospital at 1342 E. Jefferson St. The facility later included cottages for tuberculosis patients and a nearby pharmacy. Unfortunately, Hackett’s failing eyesight caused the hospital to close in 1943, and he died in 1949 at age 67.

Photo Courtesy Wikipedia
Photo Courtesy Wikipedia

Dr. Frank J. Milloy

Dr. Milloy, a Northwestern University Medical School graduate, arrived in Phoenix to begin an exemplary career in 1921. He became the first physician to administer the newly discovered antibiotic, penicillin, and introduced blood transfusions during World War II. Long active in the Arizona State Medical Association, along with fellow physicians J.D. Hamer and D.F. Harbridge, Milloy launched Arizona Medicine Journal and served as its editor from 1942-1952. Milloy was still on the Journal’s editorial board when he died in 1958 at age 66.

Photo Courtesy Arizona Medical Association
Photo Courtesy Arizona Medical Association

Dr. Carlos Montezuma

Dr. Montezuma was born to Yavapai Apache parents in Central Arizona. He was kidnapped by another tribe and grew up in Chicago, cared for by Anglo guardians. Montezuma graduated from the Chicago Medical College and became the first male Native American licensed physician in the nation in 1889. He worked for the Bureau of Indian Affairs and later Carlisle Indian School. In 1901, Montezuma returned to Arizona, where he limited his medical career to become an advocate for the Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation until passing in 1923 at age 57.

Scholarship program aims to diversify health care work force

The pandemic showcased the sacrifices made by front-line health care workers who worked tirelessly to keep New Yorkers healthy. But it also revealed a severe shortage of professionals in hospitals and clinics, and shined a light on the underrepresentation of minority groups in the health sector.

The Associated Medical Schools of New York is trying to address the diversity issue.

Savannah Stewart’s mother emigrated from Liberia. Her father was an African American living in Alabama and together, their struggle to fit in and feel represented became an inspiration for Stewart to break barriers and confront systemic racism.

“Working as a nurse, there were times where patients didn’t trust her patients, family members didn’t want to speak to her and they thought that she was a member of the staff or didn’t have the position that she held because of what she looked like,” said Stewart.


What You Need To Know

  • According to the Associated Medical Schools of New York, underrepresented minorities, such as Black and Hispanic communities, make up 31% of New York’s population
  • New York’s workforce only has 12% of Black and Hispanic population represented
  • Health disparities within Black and Hispanic communities have been exacerbated since the COVID-19 pandemic

A medical student, Stewart said it’s extremely important for minorities to see themselves represented in health care. To have someone who understands how background and culture plays into their illnesses and its outcomes is vital.

But the road to that representation is not without challenges.

“When you’re a student of color, there’s always a worry that people won’t think that you’re qualified to do what you want to do, no matter how much you’ve been studying, how much effort you’ve put in,” Stewart said. “And there’s always that fear that someone won’t want to work with you.”

To close the gap, the Associated Medical Schools of New York has an annual scholarship program which gives 30 students of color from educationally and/or economically underserved backgrounds an option they would not otherwise have.

Stewart is one of its recipients.

“This scholarship helped me so much along the way. First, from being in my (post-baccalaurate) program where I was allowed to take more courses and for the first time in my life, I was not working two jobs and also trying to fulfill science requirements,” said Stewart.

This scholarship awards $42,000 per year for a maximum of four years and a minimum of two years. Upon finishing medical school, the students will work in an underserved area in the state.

To be eligible, the students must have completed one of the five post-baccalaureate programs of the Associated Medical Schools of New York. You can find more information on their website amsny.org.

Review: ‘Blues for an Alabama Sky’

“He’s not a gangster!” a drunken Angel exclaims to her best friend and roommate Guy. “He’s a businessman and he didn’t dump me. He got married!” 

In Pearl Cleage’s “Blues for an Alabama Sky,” Angel, a multi-talented stage performer, and Guy, a costume-maker who dreams of one day living in Paris and creating gorgeous gowns for Josephine Baker, make an unlikely and eccentric pair. 

Set in the waning days of the Harlem Renaissance, the two live together in a small apartment in New York City–far from the Alabama sky. Directed by Nicole A. Watson, “Blues for an Alabama Sky” is currently playing at the Guthrie, closing on March 12. 

Across the way from Angel and Guy is Delia, a gentle-yet-fierce character, who works to provide safe and accessible birth control options for the women in her community–with the help of Sam, who sees Delia’s work as wholly intrinsic to his role as a doctor. 

Their bond serves as a wonderful “will they, won’t they” subplot throughout the first act, which is apparent as both performers share natural, on-stage chemistry. 

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Outside, the world is changing. No more are the days of a bustling, Black cultural revival that marked much of the Harlem Renaissance era. The pain of the Great Depression hit Black artists especially hard, and where the arts had been a viable means of self-expression and determination, in “Blues for an Alabama Sky,” most of the artists are just barely hanging on. 

Guy’s dreams of making costumes and dresses for Josephine Baker feel almost like a life vest, that thing that he holds onto to save the only thing that ever brought him joy.

Angel finds herself alone after a breakup with an abusive boyfriend only to find herself now involved with a new man, Leland, a possessive yet grieving suitor visiting Harlem from Alabama, who doesn’t see her, but rather sees the reflection of his late wife. 

From the moment the curtain is drawn, and she takes the stage, Kimbery Marable absolutely steals the show in her portrayal of Angel. Even without a microphone, Marable is able to utilize the acoustics of the room to almost turn volume into scenery–when Angel wails, she wails. When Angel is silent, you could hear a pin drop. 

Stephen Conrad Moore delivers a masterclass in his performance of the gentle doctor Sam Thomas. His character possesses the complexities that make this play unique and his portrayal of Sam–somewhat ironically–serves as a welcome respite from the heavy themes of the play. 

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The most impressive performance comes from Kevis Hillocks, in his character, Guy. His ability to hit each and every emotional note is alone worth seeing the production. 

In “Blues for an Alabama Sky,” the playwright paints a portrait of humanity that will seem familiar, despite not having lived during the Harlem Renaissance, or knowing Leland, Guy, Sam, Angel or Delia. 

Cleage, who is a novelist, poet, and political activist, doesn’t rely on many bells or whistles to make this production come to life—the richness of the relationships is enough to leave the audience feeling satisfied. 

“Blues for an Alabama Sky” is currently running until March 12 at the Wurtele Thrust Stage in the Guthrie Theater, 818 South 2nd Street, Minneapolis. Visit guthrietheater.org for show times.

Farah Habad welcomes reader comments to farhabad@gmail.com.

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Paper trail: The August Wilson Archive opens at Hillman Library

Paper napkins. Handbills advertising poetry readings. Yellow legal pads. All are adorned in a distinctive, looping handwritten script. “I’d rather be the devil than be Caesar,” reads one — a bit of dialogue. “Seth – Paul Winfield – Danny Glover,” reads a line on another — a casting idea.

The papers inhabit a few dozen unassuming gray boxes lining a set of metal shelves on the third floor of the University of Pittsburgh’s Hillman Library. And they contain much of the evidence of the life left behind by one of America’s most-lauded playwrights.

Possible dialogue for "Gem of the Ocean" written by August Wilson on restaurant stationary.

Bill O’Driscoll

/

90.5 WESA

Wilson jotted possible dialogue for “Gem of the Ocean” on stations from a restaurant in St. Paul, Minn.

The August Wilson Archive came to the University of Pittsburgh a little more than two years ago. Now partly catalogued, it officially opens to the public this week.

“A Sense of Reverence”

The archive is another jewel in the crown of Pittsburgh’s tributes to Wilson’s legacy, along with his restored childhood home in the Hill District and the Downtown cultural center bearing his name. And its opening is like a national holiday for Wilson scholars like Sandra Shannon, who’ve waited years to see this material.

“I felt a sense of reverence in the space,” said Shannon, a Howard University professor emeritus who visited the archive for the first time in February.

When Shannon visited, she bonded with other Wilson researchers at work there. “Even though there was a lady at the front desk — you know at a library you’re shh-shh-shh — we could not contain our excitement,” she said. “At some point we had begun to converse with each other, and I could see in her face, ‘This is a library!’”

Wilson was born in the Hill, in 1945. He co-founded Pittsburgh’s Black Horizon Theater but left town before his career really took off, in the ’80s.

His plays “Fences” and “The Piano Lesson” earned Pulitzer Prizes, and Broadway productions of his work featured the likes of Charles S. Dutton, Laurence Fishburne, Viola Davis, and Phylicia Rashad. Ten of his plays, also including “Gem of the Ocean” and “Jitney,” make up his Century Cycle depicting Black life in America in each decade of the 20th century. Nine of the 10 are set in the Hill.

Some of Wilson's casting ideas for "Joe Turner's Come and Gone."

Bill O’Driscoll

/

90.5 WESA

Some of Wilson’s casting ideas for “Joe Turner’s Come and Gone.”

Upon his death in 2005, New York’s Virginia Theatre was renamed the August Wilson Theatre, the first time a Black person had been so honored. And his fame has only grown since, with Denzel Washington producing big-screen adaptions of “Fences” and “Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom,” both shot in Pittsburgh.

From page to stage

The archive, donated to Pitt in 2020 by Wilson’s widow, Constanza Romero Wilson, is vast, including 450 bankers boxes of material. Pitt archivists are still cataloguing it, said Diael Thomas, the archive’s outreach curator. All that work is done in a Pitt facility off-campus. But the gray archival boxes in Hillman contain most of the material concerning the Century Cycle plays, said Thomas. Some of it, like the notecards and napkins on which Wilson scribbled ideas, are original; other materials, like the legal pads he drafted his plays on, are available as color photocopies.

The archive also includes photos, Playbills, and objects like a prop guitar from a production of 1995’s “Seven Guitars.”

Materials from the archive have actually been available for viewing at Hillman since last year, said Thomas. The Fri., March 3, grand opening culminates a week of events, including a new Pitt Stages production of “Seven Guitars” that was itself informed by the archive.

Any visitor can access the archive for any reason, said Thomas. But many have a specific project in mind.

Victoria LaFave, a doctoral student in the theater and performance studies department, was the dramaturg for the production of “Seven Guitars.” In the archive, she found fax printouts documenting exchanges between Wilson and his own dramaturg. LaFave said such finds aided the play’s director and actors.

“To be able to point to a textual archival piece was really useful for shaping the way people think about their characters,” she said.

Putting together the pieces

Another frequent archive user is Trinidy Madison, a junior at Pittsburgh Milliones University Prep High School, in the Hill. She’s been visiting weekly to study Wilson’s 1980s-set play, “King Hedley II,” and related materials, for a school project.

Speaking of the play, she said, “I feel like it just teaches you in the system, like, in America’s system, when you are in there you can’t really get out. Black and white, but specifically for Black, African-American men.” She added that she also found topical other elements in the play, like its discussion of abortion.

Trinidy is selecting items for the archive to photocopy for a collage she’s making honoring Wilson.

That particular art form is especially appropriate; Wilson cited among his greatest influences the Black artist Romare Bearden, who grew up partly in Pittsburgh and was known for his vibrant collage work.

Sandra Shannon, the author of “The Dramatic Vision of August Wilson,” said her first dip into the archive suggested that Wilson wrote a bit like Bearden assembled collages.

“I sensed that’s what was going on in his creative process—that it wasn’t neat. It was messy,” she said. “You don’t think in lines, you don’t think in thesis sentence, topic sentence, linear thoughts. I think he was inspired by things that were out of sync, disjointed, fragmented, and tried to make sense of them.”

Shannon and Costanza Romero Wilson are among the speakers at the August Wilson Society’s three-day biennial colloquium this week, which will draw Wilson experts from around the country to the August Wilson African American Cultural Center. And the archive, not surprisingly, will be a key topic of discussion.

RankTribe™ Black Business Directory News – Arts & Entertainment

The defiant artistry of 19th-century African-American potters

THE COUPLETS, incised in a lively cursive when the clay was still wet, leap from the jars. They wrap around the big-bellied pots just beneath their rims, as if anticipating their fullness once packed with cured meats, lard or pickled cucumbers. The verses that appear on some of the 40 surviving “poem jars” are joyful, even humorous. “When you fill this jar with pork or beef”, reads one, “Scot will be there; to get a peace.” Keep circling around the brown jars, and near the potter-poet’s signature—“Dave”—he has etched the initials “Lm”. These stand for Lewis Miles, his enslaver.

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Miles’s pottery business was one of many that flourished in the clay-rich area of Edgefield, South Carolina, between 1810 and 1880. They used slave labour to dig clay, mix glazes and chop and lug wood to fire kilns—but also for the highly skilled work of turning pots on the wheel. The fact that early American stoneware is bound up with industrial slavery, a lesser-known model than the agricultural kind, may be news to visitors at a major exhibition of David Drake’s jars. Twelve feature in a show of pre-civil war ceramics that began at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York last autumn and opens in March at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston.

Drake is remarkable for several reasons. He is the only enslaved potter with a known body of work. South Carolina outlawed literacy for African-Americans in 1834. Yet he wrote on his pieces—including a jar on which he cut one word, “Concatination”, which scholars think refers to the state of being chained. Several of his poems are, in this way, doubly subversive. “Nineteen days before Christmas Eve”, Drake inscribed on another jar; “Lots of people, after its over, how they will greave.” That is a reference to the practice of selling or leasing slaves on New Year’s Day to settle debts, which split up families.

Such vessels, some as large as 40 gallons (150 litres), were produced to store rationed food for enslaved workers on local plantations. That context imbues the exuberance and optimism of Drake’s poems with defiance. His dexterity as a potter is clear: no one else in Edgefield made jars so big. He combined the techniques of wheel-throwing and coiling, and experimented with glazes to produce varying textures and colours, from moss green to ochre.

A decade ago Drake’s work was relatively unknown, but recognition has come swiftly. In 2021 a 25-gallon jar he made sold at auction for more than $1.5m—the highest-ever price for American pottery and almost double the previous record, set by a teapot made by John Bartlam, a white potter who produced America’s first porcelain in South Carolina’s potteries. When the Met acquired the jar that refers to “Scot” in 2020, its director said the addition was “truly transformative” for the museum’s American collection.

In a sign of museums’ surging interest in African-American artistry, a second show of a 19th-century black potter’s work opened this winter at the New-York Historical Society. It is the first dedicated to Thomas Commeraw. Like Drake, Commeraw made thousands of functional pots, of which 22 are on display. He worked in New York, another centre of American stoneware production, near plentiful clay beds in New Jersey and Long Island. But unlike Drake, Commeraw was free. He spoke out about the unequal treatment of the city’s black residents, petitioning the state legislature to incorporate a black mutual-aid society that he helped establish.

The Met acquired a Commeraw pot over a century ago, though for years he was assumed to be a white potter of European descent. His glossy grey vessels, salt-glazed and decorated in blue with cobalt oxide, followed a style imported by German potters. Among the first of those were the Crolius family who enslaved Commeraw and his parents. Only in 2003 did an auction house discover from a 19th-century census that Commeraw was black. Freed as a child, he was the only black master-potter in New York in the early 1800s. He owned his home and workshop, on Manhattan’s Lower East Side. Few white potters did so then.

By 1810 six in seven black New Yorkers were free, a rapid shift from two decades earlier when a majority were slaves. But slavery was not abolished in the city until 1827, and discrimination was rife. Trade societies excluded black artisans. So Commeraw traded with the harbour’s black oystermen, who dominated that brisk business and needed jars in which to hawk their oysters—all the rage among New Yorkers, who ate them fried, pickled and raw. He also sold his wares to middle-class homes and upscale boarding houses: jars for preserving plums, quince and molasses, jugs for cider, kegs and butter churns.

Research into Drake and Commeraw is ongoing; some artefacts were found only recently, including a jar by Commeraw that came to light in 2013 during water-mains works in Manhattan. The Drake show is rounded out by pieces made by five black artists working today. One of them, Adebunmi Gbadebo, uses indigo dye, Carolina Gold rice, black human hair and clay dug from the plantation where her ancestors were enslaved. The result is a startling series of works examining land and memory in the American South. As these shows demonstrate, there is still much more history to unearth.

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It’s Women’s History Month! Here Are Milestones for Women from the Year You Were Born.

From American women winning the right to vote to the #MeToo movement, Stacker draws on a number of historical and archival sources to explore the past 100 years of women’s history in the U.S. and around the world.

The feminist movement of the 1960s and 1970s reminded the world that women have always played important historical roles, despite often being overlooked. But even in the 21st century, many popular history books are written by and about men—usually covering war heroes, generals, and the country’s founding fathers. Studies of U.S. history and social studies classes also find that state education standards focus on men and gloss over the roles of women outside of the home. Though many people today proudly proclaim to be feminists, women worldwide are still paid less for the same work, live in fear of physical violence and sexual assault, and lack rights and representation across industries.

Through decades of activism and organizing, women have made hard-won gains across social, economic, political, and cultural spectrums. Observing milestones in women’s history also reminds us of the steps still required to achieve true gender equality. Stacker dug through historical records and selected inspirational or important moments in women’s history every year from 1919 to 2022.

Women have left marks on everything from politics to entertainment and music to space exploration, athletics, and technology. Each passing year and new milestone makes it clear both how recent this history-making is in relation to the past and just how far we still need to go. The resulting timeline shows that women are constantly making history worthy of best-selling biographies and classroom textbooks; someone just needs to write about them.

Scroll through to find out when women in the U.S. and around the world won rights, the names of women who shattered the glass ceiling, and which country’s women banded together to end a civil war.

You may also like: When women got the right to vote in 50 countries

Harris & Ewing LOC // Wikimedia Commons

1919: National Women’s Party sparks ‘Watchfires of Freedom’

Members of Congress introduced a constitutional amendment enshrining women’s right to vote in 1878, but it would take decades of protest for it to become the law of the land. In 1918, President Woodrow Wilson started supporting women’s suffrage, but members of the National Women’s Party thought he wasn’t using his influence to sway the last two senators needed for an amendment to pass. In January 1919, activists started burning Wilson’s speeches outside public buildings, implying he was a hypocrite for not doing more. The amendment passed a few months later.

Missouri Historical Society // Wikimedia Commons

1920: The 19th Amendment becomes law

After the 19th Amendment passed through Congress, it was turned over to the states; two-thirds (or 36) had to ratify the amendment before it could become law. Seven states rejected the amendment outright. The decisive vote came from Tennessee after a young representative’s mother convinced him to vote in support of suffrage, breaking a tie in that state’s legislature. The amendment was certified on Aug. 26, 1920, and women in every state could vote in elections that November.

Library of Congress // Wikimedia Commons

1921: Edith Wharton wins the Pulitzer Prize

In 1921, Edith Wharton won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction (then called the Novel Prize), becoming the first woman in the award’s four-year history to do so. She was honored for her 12th novel, “The Age of Innocence,” which explores the upper-class 1870s New York society in which Wharton grew up. Her win was controversial, but not because of her gender; the committee originally decided to give the prize to Sinclair Lewis’ novel “Main Street,” a decision that was changed for political reasons.

National Photo Company Collection LOC // Wikimedia Commons

1922: First woman serves in the Senate

The first woman to serve in the U.S. Senate held her role for only two days. Rebecca Ann Felton of Georgia was appointed to fill a vacancy and served from Nov. 21–21, 1922. Her short appointment was largely ceremonial, honoring her long career in journalism and state politics. It would take another decade before another woman was elected to a Senate seat.

The Atlanta Constitution // Wikimedia Commons

1923: Equal Rights Amendment is first proposed

Even after women won the right to vote, Alice Paul—a women’s rights activist and founder of the National Woman’s Party—realized the U.S. still had a long way to go before it reached true equality. She fought for the Equal Rights Amendment, which, if added to the Constitution, would make it illegal to discriminate on the basis of sex. The amendment was proposed in every Congress from 1923 to 1972 when it finally passed, but it fell three states short of being officially added to the Constitution.

You may also like: Scientific breakthroughs from the year you were born

Bain Collection LOC // Wikimedia Commons

1924: First woman diplomat gets to work

Revolutionary Marxist Alexandra Kollontai joined the new Russian government formed after the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution as the People’s Commissar of Social Welfare. In that capacity, she founded a Women’s Department that fought to improve women’s lives in the Soviet Union. After a few years, she was asked to tackle diplomatic work, and in 1924, Kollontai was promoted to second-in-command of the Soviet Union’s Norwegian embassy, which officially added her to the diplomatic corps. She continued working in Sweden, Finland, and Mexico until her retirement in the 1940s.

Public Domain // Wikimedia Commons

1925: Nellie Tayloe Ross becomes the first woman governor in the U.S.

One month after her husband, Gov. William B. Ross, died of appendicitis, Nellie Tayloe Ross was elected to fill his seat. Through her victory, Wyoming, the first state to give women the right to vote, became the first to elect a woman to a state’s highest office. Ross was inaugurated in January 1925 but lost reelection in 1926. She had a long political career after her term and remains the only woman governor in Wyoming’s history.

Bain News Service LOC // Wikimedia Commons

1926: Gertrude Ederle swims the English Channel

Gertrude “Queen of the Waves” Ederle did what only five men had done before her when she swam the 35-mile length of the English Channel on Aug. 6, 1926. An Olympic gold medalist, Erdele first attempted the swim between England and France in 1925, but she didn’t let her failure prevent a second try. Covered in grease and wearing a more practical self-designed suit, Erdele beat the men’s record by over two hours at a time when women’s sports were just coming into the spotlight.

Eugene M. Finn // Wikimedia Commons

1927: Women petition to become ‘persons’ in Canada

Five Canadian women’s rights activists, dubbed the “Famous Five,” brought a case before the country’s Supreme Court in 1927, arguing that women had the right to be appointed to the Senate. In 1928, the Court ruled that women were not considered “persons” according to the Canadian constitution and were therefore ineligible for Senate seats. An appeal reversed the ruling, opening up new opportunities for women in Canada.

LSE Library // Wikimedia Commons

1928: Britain’s Equal Franchise Act becomes law

British women technically won the right to vote before Americans, but it took 10 years for them to achieve the same voting rights men already had. The 1918 Representation of the People Act allowed all men over 21 to vote, but only female householders or those married to householders, female university grads over 21, or women over 30 could vote. The Equal Franchise Act of 1928 removed all those restrictions; any British citizen over 21 was now free to vote.

You may also like: 50 endangered species that only live in the Amazon Rainforest

Unknown // Wikimedia Commons

1929: Nigeria’s Women’s War wins rights

Through the late 1920s, British colonial rule in Nigeria wildly changed how the country was governed. The native Igbo women, who had an important political role in their communities, were increasingly undermined by new leaders. These women used their powerful communication networks to stage a nonviolent protest against their mistreatment. The British didn’t understand the cause of the protests, and the campaign ended after just over one year when the British turned to violence—but not before Nigerian women won important protections for their rights and regained some of their political power.

[Pictured: Community of men, women, and children standing before the Akaniobio Church, Old Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria, sometime between 1900–1930.]

Mary Pickford Company / United Artists // Wikimedia Commons

1930: Frances Marion writes Oscar-winning ‘The Big House’

As movies transitioned from silent black-and-white affairs into talkies and Technicolor, screenwriter Frances Marion and actress Mary Pickford became some of early Hollywood’s biggest names. The two worked together to adapt dozens of novels and stories into films, from classics like “Anne of Green Gables,” to “The Big House,” which won Marion her first Oscar (Adapted Screenplay). By the end of her career, Marion had written over 100 scripts.

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Mark Rucker/Transcendental Graphics // Getty Images

1931: Jackie Mitchell strikes out two of baseball’s best

Jackie Mitchell, a 17-year-old pitcher, took the mound against the New York Yankees in an early season exhibition game. One of the first female pitchers in the league with a contract, Mitchell managed to strike out legends Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig. But a few days later, her contract was revoked amid claims that the occupation was dangerous for women. Some modern historians believe that Mitchell’s history-making pitches were staged to get more people in the stands, but many still see her achievement as important, either way.

NASA // Wikimedia Commons

1932: Amelia Earhart’s first solo flight across the Atlantic

Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly non-stop across the Atlantic Ocean when she traveled from Newfoundland to Ireland on May 21, 1932. Earhart had already completed a similar feat a few years earlier as part of a three-person crew, and her fame only grew after flying solo—just like Charles Lindbergh, who had completed the feat five years before. Earhart, who was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross by Congress, infamously disappeared a few years later while attempting to fly around the world.

Harris & Ewing LOC // Wikimedia Commons

1933: First female Cabinet member is appointed

Frances Perkins spent the early days of her career working to improve the lives of disadvantaged people living in New York City, making her well suited to the position of U.S. secretary of labor. President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed her to the post during the height of the Great Depression in 1933. As the first female member of a presidential cabinet, she pushed for the New Deal and spearheaded the creation of the Social Security program, one of Roosevelt’s most important legislative achievements.

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1934: First woman serves on board of directors of a major corporation

Lettie Pate Whitehead Evans married a wealthy man who struck a deal with the brand new Coca-Cola company to bottle their syrupy-sweet product. Her husband died young, leaving Evans to take over his share of the bottling empire, where she expanded her own wealth as well as the company’s success. When her branch of the company was bought out, she was appointed to the board of directors, a position she would hold for nearly 20 years. Lettie ultimately used her fortune to create a scholarship foundation.

Carl van Vechten LOC // Wikimedia Commons

1935: National Council of Negro Women is founded

Disappointed by the lack of communication and cohesiveness between groups advocating for African American women’s rights, educator and civil rights leader Mary McLeod Bethune founded the National Council of Negro Women. In the decades since then, the Council has grown to represent more than 25 national organizations, and more than 4 million women have been associated with the organization.

National Science and Media Museum // Flickr

1936: Wallis Simpson is Time’s first female Person of the Year

Time’s Person of the Year award has been given to an individual woman only five times. Wallis Simpson, an American socialite, was the first. Her relationship with King Edward VIII took the world by storm, and the 1930s press was obsessed with their movements. Edward, who caused a scandal by courting Simpson while she was still married to her second husband, was told he couldn’t marry her and keep the throne. He became the only British monarch to voluntarily give up the throne; the two married and lived together for the rest of their lives.

Yinan Chen // Wikimedia Commons

1937: First woman climbs the Adirondack High Peaks

Born and raised in New York’s Adirondack Mountains, Grace Dolbeck Leach Hudowalski became the ninth person and first woman to climb all 46 peaks in the mountain range between 1922 and 1937. She went on to start the Adirondack 46ers club alongside her husband, promoting the high peaks she loved and keeping track of others who managed to climb them. In 2014, the U.S. Board on Geographic Names officially renamed one of the peaks in her honor.

[Pictured: A view of some of the Adirondack Mountains high peaks.]

Arnold Genthe LOC // Wikimedia Commons

1938: First woman wins the Nobel Prize in Literature

Pearl S. Buck used her experience growing up in China with her missionary parents to fuel much of her writing career, which focused on the life of the peasant class in the country. Her most notable work was a family trilogy: “The Good Earth” (1931), “Sons” (1932), and “A House Divided” (1935), which propelled her to become the first female Nobel laureate in Literature.

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1939: Kitty O’Brien Joyner is NASA’s first woman engineer

Kitty O’Brien Joyner broke ground twice in 1939. After suing to be admitted into the University of Virginia’s engineering program, she was the first woman to graduate from the program that year. The electrical engineering knowledge she gained let her blaze a new trail several months later when NACA, the predecessor to NASA, hired her. She worked there for decades, eventually becoming branch head, before retiring in 1971.

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM)

1940: First African American woman wins an Oscar

It took 12 years for the Academy Awards to acknowledge a nonwhite performer. Even when Hattie McDaniel won for her supporting role as Mammy in “Gone with the Wind”—making her the first Black person to win an Oscar—she was seated at a separate table from her costars, and the show’s organizers had to fight for her to be allowed inside the venue. Though later audiences would take issue with McDaniel’s stereotypical character, her win was still historic; another Black actor would not win an Oscar until 1964, and diversity in the Academy remains an issue.

Silver Screen Collection // Getty Images

1941: Wonder Woman debuts

Wonder Woman wasn’t the first female superhero to grace the racks of comic book shops across America, but her appearance in 1941 sparked an obsession that’s lasted just as long as Batman and Superman. Created by a psychologist, the Amazon woman was heavily influenced by feminism. In 2017, her enduring popularity made her the first female superhero to earn her own movie, which smashed records and gender barriers alike.

[Pictured: One of many iterations of Wonder Woman, Lynda Carter, portraying Wonder Woman in the television series in 1975.]

U.S. National Archives

1942: First woman is awarded Purple Heart medal

On Dec. 7, 1941, Annie G. Fox found herself organizing the response to the chaos and numerous injuries caused by the attack on Pearl Harbor. The first lieutenant and head nurse of Hickam Field Hospital was awarded the Purple Heart for her work on Oct. 26, 1942, alongside several other army nurses. When the award criteria later changed to apply only to those injured in the line of duty, Fox was awarded the equally prestigious Bronze Star in place of the Purple Heart in 1944.

US National Archives // Wikimedia Commons

1943: Women’s Army Corps is created

The U.S. entered World War II at the end of 1941 and quickly found itself in need of soldiers. Women, who had served as nurses and in other unofficial military roles in prior wars, were formally recruited for behind-the-scenes roles through the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps. By 1943, Congress decided to drop Auxiliary from the name, and female non-combatants finally received the same benefits as their male counterparts. Men and women would remain in separate military units long after World War II, though, before finally integrating in 1978.

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Bibliothèque nationale de France // Wikimedia Commons

1944: French women win the right to vote

France fell behind many of its European counterparts in granting women the right to vote. Sixteen years after Britain finally enshrined equal rights at the ballot box, the newly liberated French government signed a law allowing women to cast votes. French women still struggle to see themselves represented in the federal government, though numbers have started trending up after recent elections.

National Library of Ireland // Wikimedia Commons

1945: Ireland’s laundry workers go on strike

After years of mistreatment, Ireland’s laundry workers (who were almost entirely women) decided they were done putting up with the long hours and harsh conditions. The Irish Women’s Worker Union went on strike, and after 14 weeks, they won the right to a second week of holidays every year for all Irish workers.

US National Archives // Wikimedia Commons

1946: UN establishes the Commission on the Status of Women

Soon after the United Nations was founded, it established the Commission on the Status of Women, the first intergovernmental body with the sole purpose of promoting women’s rights around the world. The Commission’s 15 female representatives first met in New York, and until 1962, they focused on setting global standards for women’s rights, changing discriminatory language in different documents, and bringing awareness to women’s issues to a worldwide audience.

Smithsonian Institution // Wikimedia Commons

1947: First woman wins a Nobel Prize in medicine

Alongside her husband, Gerty Cori became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize in medicine and only the third woman in history to win the award in any category. The couple won for developing the Cori cycle, which explained how energy moves through different parts of the body. Though colleagues warned her she could hold back her husband’s career, Cori and her husband continued working together and went on to make further important biological discoveries.

US National Archives

1948: UN Declaration of Human Rights debuts

The United Nation’s historic Declaration of Human Rights was the first international document to explicitly state that both men and women should have their “dignity and worth of [their] human person” protected. The Commission on the Status of Women was integral in the fight to make sure gender-neutral language was inserted into the document, which was adopted by the General Assembly on Dec. 10, 1948.

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1949: ‘The Second Sex’ is published

In 1949, French essayist, political theorist, and intellectual Simone de Beauvoir published her most famous and influential work on the oppression of women. De Beauvoir attempted to explain why women are oppressed in society and argued that political advancements like the right to vote meant nothing to women who didn’t have the means to support themselves in other ways. Its English translation (published in 1953) was long considered deeply flawed, but that didn’t stop the work from becoming required reading for feminists and scholars around the world.

Debrocke/ClassicStock // Getty Images

1950: First girl plays Little League baseball

At 13, Kay Johnston wanted nothing more than to play Little League baseball. So she decided to sign up as a boy named Tubby. Even after revealing her identity, she played a successful season as a member of a team. After that year, the “Tubby Rule” was put into place, barring girls from playing Little League under any circumstances. The rule was abolished in 1974, and since then, 21 girls have made it all the way to the Little League World Series.

[Pictured: A Little League baseball player sliding into home base safe.]

MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology // Wikimedia Commons

1951: Rosalind Franklin makes crucial DNA discoveries

James Watson and Francis Crick were credited with discovering DNA’s double-helix structure, which won them a Nobel Prize in 1962, but they would not have been able to do so without the help of a pioneering female scientist. Rosalind Franklin’s expertise in X-ray diffraction techniques allowed her to take clear pictures of DNA’s structure. A male colleague who often disagreed with Franklin gave her photographs to Watson and Crick, and they formed the basis of their eventual model. Franklin never knew her work had been so integral to their discovery, as she died in 1958.

Smithsonian Institution // Wikimedia Commons

1952: Grace Hopper revolutionizes computers

A trailblazer throughout her life, mathematician and U.S. Navy Admiral Grace Hopper revolutionized how we use computers. After working on the Mark I computer during World War II, she moved into private industry, where she and her team developed the compiler. This device allowed software developers to write code in humanlike language—instead of 1s and 0s—and was a precursor to the widely used COBOL programming language.

SDASM Archives // Flickr

1953: First woman breaks the sound barrier

Jacqueline Cochran worked her way out of poverty to become one of the most successful female aviators of the 20th century. After obtaining her pilot’s license in three weeks while also working as a cosmetics saleswoman, she took the aviation world by storm and set record after record. Her most notable feat might be flying faster than the speed of sound (761.2 miles per hour), a speed she later doubled in 1964.

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sanjitbakshi// Flickr

1954: UN Convention on the Political Rights of Women goes into force

The Convention on the Political Rights of Women became the first piece of international law explicitly formed to protect and expand women’s political rights. A total of 122 United Nations member states and the state of Palestine have since signed onto the document, parts of which formed the basis of later, more comprehensive treaties protecting women’s rights.

Library of Congress // Wikimedia Commons

1955: Rosa Parks sparks Montgomery Bus Boycott

Rosa Parks’ decision not to give up her seat to a white man on an Alabama bus changed the course of American history. The same day Parks was convicted of violating segregation laws, black community leaders, including Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., organized a boycott of the Montgomery bus system. It would not end until the Supreme Court ruled bus segregation laws were unconstitutional. Parks subsequently became a symbol of the civil rights movement and continued her work as an activist against inequality.

Central Press/Hulton Archive // Getty Images

1956: Women march on Pretoria

In the 1950s, South Africa’s government passed new laws to limit the movement of African women in the country, with the goal of further entrenching the deep racial separation, also known as apartheid. Thousands of women from across South Africa marched on the capital city in protest of these laws, including several who would later become key figures in the apartheid resistance movement. When the prime minister wouldn’t meet with them, the women stood in complete silence for 30 minutes before singing songs of protest and female empowerment.

[Pictured: A group of South Africans demonstrates in Pretoria, South Africa.]

Official Films

1957: First television show built around a female protagonist airs

“Decoy: Police Woman” might be an all-but-forgotten relic from the early days of television, but it was groundbreaking as the first show to feature a female police officer and a female protagonist. If not for “Decoy,” the powerful female characters in “Alias” and “Law and Order” might not exist. Shot on location in New York (another first), Casey Jones went undercover as a ballerina, model, and other aliases to catch criminals, doing her job without any discrimination from her male colleagues.

William P. Gottlieb LOC // Wikimedia Commons

1958: First woman wins multiple Grammys

Ella Fitzgerald became a household name when she made her debut on the stage of New York’s famous Apollo Theater in 1934. “The First Lady of Song” went on to become a jazz icon, and at the first Grammy Awards, she took home Best Female Vocal Performance and Best Individual Jazz Performance. She’d go on to win 13 awards over her 40-year career, capping off her Grammy success by becoming the first woman to win a Lifetime Achievement award.

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Associated Press // Wikimedia Commons

1959: Tibetan Women’s Uprising commences

The long struggle for Tibet to gain independence from China came to a head in the late 1950s, ultimately forcing the Dalai Lama to flee to India in exile. Tibetan women made their voices heard when they took part in a protest against the Chinese government on March 12, 1959. The women surrounded the Dalai Lama’s home but were later arrested; many were beaten and executed.

United Press International LOC // Wikimedia Commons

1960: Sri Lanka elects world’s first female prime minister

When Sirimavo Bandaranaike won Sri Lanka’s 1960 election, she became the first woman head of state to hold the title without inheriting the position due to her birth. She was elected after her husband was assassinated the year before and continued implementing his socialist economic policies and promotion of Buddhist cultural practices in the country (then called Ceylon). Bandaranaike stepped down in 1965, but returned in the 1970s to serve two more terms before retiring for good at 84.

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1961: India bans dowries

Dowries were a common custom in Indian culture hailing from its days as a British colony; a bride’s parents would give money or other gifts to help their daughter start a new life, but the practice soon became more of a payment to the groom’s family at the time of marriage, as an incentive for the union. Unfortunately, the custom also led to violence against the women it hoped to protect. Sometimes a woman’s husband or in-laws would attack her in hopes of getting a higher bride price. The 1961 Dowry Prohibition Act aimed to stop this violence against women by getting rid of the tradition, but it’s been difficult to enforce and is often misused.

NASA // Wikimedia Commons

1962: Katherine Johnson helps send a man to space

In NASA’s early days, African American women often worked as human computers, doing the necessary calculations for different projects by hand. In 1953, Katherine Johnson became one of them. By the 1960s, she was working on flight trajectory calculations and often double-checking the work done by electronic computers. Astronauts like John Glenn relied on her calculations to ensure a safe landing, contributions that were immortalized in the 2016 movie “Hidden Figures.”

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Fred Palumbo LOC // Wikimedia Commons

1963: Betty Friedan publishes ‘The Feminine Mystique’

People often describe feminism as coming in several waves and historians often credit Betty Friedan’s seminal book, “The Feminine Mystique,” with helping spark the second wave. While far from a perfect book, the tome sold nearly 3 million copies, which allowed more women to think about, discuss, and discover the “problem with no name” shaping their lives for the first time. Friedan’s writing gave a voice to the anger and repression many women were feeling.

Robert Leroy Knudsen LOC // Wikimedia Commons

1964: First woman of color elected to Congress

Patsy Takemoto Mink became the first woman of color elected to Congress when she won one of Hawaii’s seats in the House of Representatives in 1964. She served until 1977, advocating for the rights of women, immigrants, and children. Mink also worked hard to pass Title IX, which increased opportunities for women in education.

Cathy Murphy // Getty Images

1965: Dolores Huerta directs a five-year strike

Working alongside fellow labor activist Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta co-founded the United Farm Workers Union in 1965 and quickly took the lead in negotiating contracts between the Coachella Valley grape growers and their employers. Five years later, she won a historic victory when 26 grape growers agreed to sign fairer contracts. Huerta continued to fight for the rights of farmworkers—as well as women and other Mexican Americans—and she continues to be an active, influential figure in those communities today.

Elvert Barnes // Wikimedia Commons

1966: National Organization for Women is founded

On June 30, 1966, Catherine Conroy put a $5 bill on the table in Betty Friedan’s hotel room and told the 15 other activists in the room to “Put your money down and sign your name.” The National Organization for Women was founded at that moment, and it originally aimed to figure out how to enforce the Title VII section of the Civil Rights Act. NOW has grown over the past half-century, but still uses grassroots power to advocate for women’s economic, political, and social equality.

Recuerdos de Pandora // Flickr

1967: First woman runs the Boston Marathon

At 19, Kathrine Switzer—who was unofficially competing with Syracuse University’s men’s cross-country team—told her coach she wanted to run the Boston Marathon. After proving she could complete the 26-mile race, she registered for the marathon, which didn’t technically have gender limitations. Though officials tried to pull her out of the race once she started, Switzer ultimately completed the run and spent years advocating for women to be officially allowed to enter.

Bev Grant // Getty Images

1968: Miss America ignites ‘bra burning’ protests

Contrary to popular belief, no bras were burned during this Sept. 7, 1968, protest outside the Miss America beauty pageant. But 400 feminists did throw symbols of what they thought society used to oppress them—including bras—into a “freedom trash can” in protest of the pageant’s support of what they saw as unattainable beauty standards.

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1969: Nation’s first ‘no fault’ divorce law passes

California’s no-fault divorce law, adopted in some form by every other state by 2010, made it much easier to obtain a divorce. Instead of couples having to prove that their spouse wronged them in some way, one person’s desire to leave a relationship became grounds for ending unhappy marriages. Advocates believed that with this law in place, women were able to leave relationships they did not find fulfilling in a safer, fairer way.

Frank Lennon/Toronto Star // Getty Images

1970: First woman plays American football

Patricia Palinkas joined the Orlando Panthers alongside her kicker husband, beginning a short, but historic career as the first woman signed to a professional football team. As a holder for her husband, Palinkas only played a few games before deciding she’d rather do something other than hold the ball for someone else. Still, her short career impacted a generation of female athletes, who wouldn’t see another woman in professional football until Katie Hnida in 2010.

[Pictured: Football players in 1971.]

Kencf0618 // Wikimedia Commons

1971: Reed v. Reed is decided

Reed v. Reed was a Supreme Court case that invalidated an Idaho law requiring a man to be chosen when an equally qualified man and woman were arguing over who should execute a will. As such, it is a consequential case for the legal rights of American women. For the first time, the Supreme Court ruled that the Equal Protection clause of the 14th Amendment applied to discrimination against women. This established a stricter standard for sex discrimination and set a precedent for others—like future Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg—to argue more cases on gender discrimination.

Birch Bayh Senate Office // Wikimedia Commons

1972: Title IX goes into effect

Title IX is part of a larger education reform act that requires gender equality for boys and girls in any education program that receives funding from the federal government. This applies to college athletics, sexual assault and harassment, employment, financial aid, and more. Title IX has been subject to a number of controversies since it was passed, most recently around issues of sexual assault, even as schools continue to work toward gender equity.

Lorie Shaull // Wikimedia Commons

1973: Roe v. Wade is decided

One of the most well-known and controversial Supreme Court decisions, Roe v. Wade established a woman’s right to an abortion at any time during the first three months of her pregnancy, and, with some restrictions, in later trimesters as well. In the decade since the decision, the battle over abortion and reproductive rights has been among the most heated in American politics.

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1974: Women earn the right to open their own credit cards

Before Congress passed the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, banks made men co-sign when a single, widowed, or divorced woman wanted to open a credit card, no matter how much she made. The new law made it illegal to discriminate based on gender, race, or national origin when issuing credit cards, giving women more independent access to money. Studies today still find that women are paying more for their credit cards.

Bettmann // Getty Images

1975: Icelandic women go on strike

The women of Iceland were tired of being paid less than men and not seeing women in government. So on Oct. 24, 1975, 90% of Icelandic women didn’t go to work, care for their children, or do any housework; instead, 25,000 marched in the streets of the capital city. The rousing turnout led to some changes, and Iceland’s first female president was elected five years later. Iceland, the country where the political representation of women is highest in the world, is now considered one of the best places in the world for women, and it is currently working on ending its persistent pay gap within five years.

[Pictured: Iceland’s first female president, Vigdis Finnbogadottir, in 1980.]

U.S. National Archives // Wikimedia Commons

1976: First class of women enters West Point

American women worked alongside men in wars throughout the country’s history, but on July 7, 1976, 119 female cadets first entered the service academy at West Point. Sixty-two would graduate in the class of 1980, completing their training as future military officers.

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Lisafie // Wikimedia Commons

1977: First woman wins an EGOT

Actress Helen Hayes—the first woman to win an Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony Award—started on the stage at age 8 and went on to have a Tony-winning Broadway career spanning decades. She also picked up an Oscar in 1931 for her performance in “The Sin of Madelon Claudet” during a brief stint in Hollywood. After discovering an allergy to theater dust in the 1970s, she starred in several TV shows and took home a Grammy in 1977 to finish her sweep.

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1978: Pregnancy Discrimination Act passes

Prior to the passage of this law, some employers refused to hire a woman if she was pregnant, while others commonly refused to promote or give raises to pregnant women for fear they’d soon quit and stay home with their families. The law protected the rights of women who also wanted to have children, but working mothers are still not treated equally to their male counterparts; studies have found the gender wage gap increases when women start families.

Patrick Gruban // Wikimedia Commons

1979: UN adopts the Women’s Bill of Rights

The United Nations’ Commission on the Status of Women netted another huge win for women’s rights when the General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) on Dec. 18, 1978. The most comprehensive document the office has produced to date, the treaty defines equality, lays out clear steps on how to achieve it, and requires countries that sign CEDAW to actively work for women’s rights.

Rob C. Croes // Wikimedia Commons

1980: First democratically elected female president takes office

Five years after a women’s strike brought Icelandic society to a halt, citizens elected their first female president, the first democratically elected female president in the world. Vigdís Finnbogadóttir’s 16-year-long presidency put her in a mostly ceremonial role, but she enjoyed actively promoting her country abroad. After her victory, Icelandic women’s representation in their government shot up to the highest levels of any country without a quota system, and Iceland is now one of the most gender-equal countries in the world.

US National Archives // Wikimedia Commons

1981: First woman is appointed to the Supreme Court

Even though Sandra Day O’Connor graduated third in her class (and a year early) from Stanford Law School, the Texas-born lawyer struggled to overcome gender discrimination and find work in her field. She eventually earned her way into the courtroom, then began a career in Texas state politics. In 1981, President Ronald Reagan nominated her to the Supreme Court, and the Senate confirmed her unanimously. Before her retirement in 2006, O’Connor was known for defending women’s rights from the bench, even blocking a case that would have overturned Roe v. Wade.

Gregg DeGuire/WireImage // Getty Images

1982: First African American principal ballerina leads a U.S. company

When Debra Austin joined the Pennsylvania Ballet as its principal dancer, she became the first African American woman to lead a major American ballet company. Others have attributed the title to Lauren Anderson, who rose to the same position in Houston the same year Austin retired in Pennsylvania. In an art form that has long struggled with racism, both women were history-makers and positive influences for aspiring ballerinas today.

[Pictured: Ballet Dancer Lauren Anderson, arriving at ABC’s “Scandal” 100th Episode Celebration on April 8, 2017, in West Hollywood, California.]

US National Archives // Wikimedia Commons

1983: Sally Ride becomes first American woman in space

The U.S. might have won the Space Race by putting a man on the moon, but the Soviet Union put the first woman in space in 1963, two decades before the Americans managed the feat. Of course, that doesn’t make Sally Ride’s trip to the stars any less monumental. As the first American woman and youngest astronaut to go to space, Ride inspired generations of girls and worked to promote women in science long after she hung up the space suit for good.

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Warren K. Leffler LOC // Wikimedia Commons

1984: First woman is selected VP candidate for a major political party

Geraldine Ferraro’s career as a lawyer in New York, and later as a leading Democratic politician, was marked by her dedication to women’s rights. She established a special victims unit as an assistant district attorney in Queens and kept her seat in a conservative New York House district despite her progressive voting record. Ferraro’s ambition helped her climb the party ranks before she became Walter Mondale’s running mate in his 1984 presidential campaign against Ronald Reagan. Reagan was re-elected in a landslide, but Ferraro remained an important voice in party politics until her death in 2011.

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1985: Guerilla Girls forms

The Guerilla Girls were formed in New York City by anonymous female artists tired of sexism and racism holding back women and people of color in the art world. Wearing gorilla masks and going by the names of famous deceased female artists, the collective still works today in hopes of using art to reveal “gender and ethnic bias, as well as corruption in politics, art, film, and pop culture” to the wider public.

Krista Kennell / Shutterstock

1986: Oprah becomes first woman to own and produce her own talk show

After overcoming an abusive childhood, a young Oprah Winfrey briefly worked in radio and TV broadcasting. Later, she landed her own chat show in Baltimore, Maryland which eventually became the area’s #1 show. She went on to star in Steven Spielberg’s 1985 adaptation of “The Color Purple,” and Oprah used that success to launch a nationally syndicated talk show. Running until 2011, the program turned Oprah into a household name. She now runs the OWN TV network.

Ross Marino // Getty Images

1987: First woman inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame

Aretha Franklin, the Queen of Soul and one of the most powerful singers of modern music, received the r-e-s-p-e-c-t her talent deserved when she became the first woman inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. One of the most awarded artists in history, her induction opened doors for other black female musicians. More than half of the 50-plus women inducted after Franklin are African American.

StunningArt // Shutterstock

1988: Switzerland establishes Federal Office of Gender Equality

Swiss civil law still explicitly said that women’s roles were as traditional homemakers until 1988. That year, new changes went into effect that wrote gender equality between the sexes into law and established the Federal Office of Gender Equality to enforce the mandates. Though it has struggled at times, FOGE took home the 2018 United Nations Public Service Award due to its ongoing commitment to ensuring equal pay in Switzerland.

vonguard // Wikimedia Commons

1989: First woman receives IBM fellowship

IBM offered Frances E. Allen a job fresh out of grad school, and she spent years developing more efficient coding languages. After decades of work, she was the first woman to receive an IBM fellowship, a prestigious program honoring the company’s best employees. Her gifts as a computer programmer won her recognition throughout her career; she was also the first woman to win the Turing Award in 2006, the computer science equivalent of a Nobel Prize.

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Fotógrafos // Wikimedia Commons

1990: First female president of the Americas is elected

Violeta Chamorro’s history-making term as the first democratically elected female president of the Americas might not be the most interesting aspect of her life. Living in war-torn Nicaragua, Chamorro took over a newspaper opposed to the government and used the power of the press to call for peace and democracy. By 1988, she was a prominent opposition leader and she easily won the presidency at the conclusion of a war which she is credited with helping to end.

Rob Crandall // Shutterstock

1991: Anita Hill testifies before the Senate

Clarence Thomas’ nomination to the Supreme Court was controversial before Anita Hill came forward with allegations of sexual harassment, as many wondered if he was qualified for the job. But Hill’s testimony about Thomas’ behavior while she was his assistant changed the tone of the hearings, and her tense questioning by the Senate Judiciary Committee—all white men—that October proved to be a historic moment. Thomas was still confirmed, but Hill inspired more women to run for office the next year, sparked new conversations about sexual harassment, and is sometimes credited with starting third-wave feminism.

Jaan Künnap // Wikimedia Commons

1992: Junko Tabei finishes climbing the Seven Summits

Japanese climber Junko Tabei became the first woman to summit Mount Everest in 1975 as part of an all-female team of climbers, but even climbing the world’s tallest mountain couldn’t sate her desire for adventure. In 1992, she reached the top of the Carstensz Pyramid in Indonesia and became the first woman to reach the top of the Seven Summits, the highest mountains on every continent. Before her death in 2016, she climbed the highest peaks in 79 countries and blazed trails for other women along the way.

Department of Labor // Wikimedia Commons

1993: Family Medical Leave Act becomes law

The Family Medical Leave Act provides up to 12 weeks of unpaid time off to certain employees dealing with particular medical situations and guarantees their job will be there upon return. This was a huge win for working moms, who previously had no guarantee that they’d be able to take time off to recover after giving birth. Still, many women can’t afford to take three months off work without pay, and the U.S. remains one of the only countries that doesn’t give new parents paid family leave.

U.S. National Archives // Wikimedia Commons

1994: Violence Against Women Act passes

The Violence Against Women Act was a landmark bill that gave new attention to issues faced by women including stalking, intimate partner violence, and sexual assault. The bill created the Office on Violence Against Women, administered grant programs to state and local governments to open new shelters and information centers, and required the government to study these issues. It’s been reauthorized three times but lapsed during the 2018–2019 government shutdown. The House of Representatives approved its reauthorization in early 2021, despite 172 Republicans voting against it.

Sharon Farmer NARA // Wikimedia Commons

1995: Fourth World Conference on Women commences

Then-First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton gave her famous “women’s rights are human rights” speech at this United Nations conference, which saw tens of thousands of activists convene in Beijing, China, to discuss issues of women’s rights. The conference produced the Beijing Declaration, reaffirming commitments to women’s rights and laying out new plans of action for achieving them that still serve as guidance for leaders and activists.

Mgirardi // Wikimedia Commons

1996: United States v. Virginia is decided

Virginia Military Institute was an exclusively male college until it was sued by the federal government, which argued that its gender-exclusive admissions policy was unconstitutional. The school proposed that, instead of letting women enter, it would establish a separate, all-female school. The court disagreed in a 7-1 decision—Clarence Thomas sat the case out, as his son was a student at VMI—arguing that the school didn’t show “exceedingly persuasive justification” for the policy and wouldn’t offer women in the new school the same opportunities as men.

US Department of State // Wikimedia Commons

1997: First female secretary of state joins Cabinet

Before Madeleine Albright was appointed secretary of state in 1997 by the Clinton administration, she worked on President Jimmy Carter’s National Security Council, taught foreign affairs at Georgetown, and spent several successful years as the U.S. representative to the United Nations. With this experience under her belt, Albright pursued an active foreign policy, visiting North Korea, encouraging sanctions against Iran, and more. Her term ended once George W. Bush was elected president, but she remained enmeshed in politics and foreign policy debates.

James Fulker/DFID // Flickr

1998: Senegalese mothers end female circumcision in their villages

Procedures that require men to be circumcised at birth are more familiar in the U.S., but some cultures require young girls to undergo a similar treatment in order to enter adulthood. A controversial and often misunderstood practice, female genital cutting became a topic of debate in the international rights community in the late 1990s. It was common in the small Senegalese village of Malicounda Bambara until a group of mothers decided to put an end to the practice. They educated others on the harm female circumcision caused young girls, and the village and those around Malicounda Bambara decided to abandon the practice, inspiring 5,000 other villages in the country to do the same.

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TechCrunch50-2008 // Flickr

1999: Google’s first female engineer gets to work

Google only hired 19 employees at its start, but among them was its first female engineer, Marissa Mayer. As the company became the technology behemoth we know today, she rose through the ranks to become the head of Google’s successful Maps and Location Services. In 2012, Mayer became the CEO of struggling rival Yahoo for several years before stepping down in 2017 amid accusations of mismanagement.

Elvert Barnes // Wikimedia Commons

2000: Million Mom March commences

In a true show of grassroots activism, an estimated 750,000 people marched in Washington D.C. on Mother’s Day to protest gun violence and advocate for stricter gun control reforms. Donna Dees-Thomases had watched news coverage of a shooting and created a website hoping to rally other moms horrified by the carnage they were seeing. The march was organized entirely by word of mouth and led to dozens of Million Mom March chapters around the country advocating for gun control.

AllenS // Wikimedia Commons

2001: Take Back the Night Foundation forms

Take Back the Night got its start in two unrelated marches: one in Philadelphia in 1975 and another in Brussels in 1976. Participants marched down streets with candles, protesting increased violent crime against women. In the years since then, the movement became more focused on issues of sexual assault, and in 2001, Katie Koestner—who had publicly shared her own story of being assaulted on campus—created the Take Back the Night Foundation. Today, the foundation provides resources to survivors and holds annual marches on college campuses.

Canva

2002: U.K.’s Sex Discrimination (Election Candidates) Act passes

In 2001, the number of women in the British parliament declined for the first time in two decades, after a policy used by one party to ensure half their candidates would be women was declared unconstitutional. The Labour Party decided they would prioritize changing laws that would allow parties to use “positive discrimination” to ensure that more women would have their voices heard in Parliament; this promise eventually became the 2002 Sex Discrimination (Election Candidates) Act.

PIUS UTOMI EKPEI / AFP // Getty Images

2003: Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace ends a civil war

A second civil war broke out in Liberia in 2000, a bloody conflict that killed 200,000 people by the end of its second year. As it continued into 2003, social worker Leymah Gbowee brought together women from her church in protest, spawning a movement that quickly grew to include women of all faiths encouraged to speak out for peace in the country. Women marched in the streets, withheld sex from partners fighting in the war, and continued nonviolently protesting. By the end of 2003, their efforts helped begin a peace process.

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David // Wikimedia Commons

2004: March for Women’s Lives takes place

The April 25, 2004, March for Women’s Lives capped off a year of planning by seven diverse women’s activist groups, creating one of largest marches in the abortion debate in U.S. history. Their effort saw hundreds of thousands march in Washington to support access to abortion, birth control, more comprehensive reproductive health care, and improved sex-ed programs while protesting policies they saw as “anti-women.”

YASSER AL-ZAYYAT / AFP // Getty Images

2005: Kuwait’s Blue Revolution secures women’s suffrage

Women of Kuwait finally achieved victory in their decades-long struggle over the right to vote. From 2002 until their May 2005 triumph, activists used nonviolent protest in a final push, protesting outside voter registration centers and casting fake ballots. Activists often protested wearing light blue clothing, representing one of several nonviolent campaigns associated with a color to signify international solidarity in the fight for human rights that peaked in the late 1990s and early 2000s.

Scott Peterson // Getty Images

2006: Iran’s One Million Signatures campaign ends polygamous marriage

Iranian women hatched an ambitious plan in order to achieve an ambitious goal. To get the government to reform laws that discriminated against women, they would get 1 million Iranian citizens to sign a petition asking Parliament for equal rights including marriage and divorce rights, an end to polygamous marriages, equal inheritance rights, equal rights to testimony in the country, harsher punishments for honor killings, and more. The two-year campaign never reached its million-signature goal but did manage to put an end to polygamous marriages.

[Pictured: Iranian women’s activist Parvin Ardalan, head of the One Million Signatures Campaign.]

Nancy Pelosi // Wikimedia Commons

2007: First woman Speaker of the House takes the gavel

The 2006 midterm elections in the United States swept huge majorities of Democrats into Congress, and California representative and party leader Nancy Pelosi was subsequently named speaker of the House. With her powerful new position, Pelosi facilitated the passage of some of President Barack Obama’s key legislative victories, including the economic stimulus and the Affordable Care Act. She ceded the gavel in 2011 when Republicans regained a majority, but she returned to the position starting with the 2019–2020 congressional session, during which she oversaw both impeachments of former President Donald Trump.

Rwanda Government// Flickr

2008: Rwanda becomes first country with majority-female legislature

The 2003 Rwandan Constitution reserved 30% of the seats in its decision-making bodies for women. In 2008, Rwanda’s female politicians claimed those seats and then some, winning 56% of parliamentary seats after elections where most of the winning women ran against male opponents. Rwanda became the first modern democracy where women held the majority in the legislature that year, and the country continued breaking its own records. By 2013, 64% of members of Rwanda’s parliament were women.

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2009: Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act is signed into law

After years of fighting for equal pay, women, as of 2021 Census results, still make, on average, 82 cents for every $1 a man makes. The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, signed by President Obama in January 2009, allows women to file for wage discrimination suits within 180 days of their most recent paycheck rather than from their first paycheck on the job. The law was named after Goodyear employee Lilly Ledbetter, who was awarded $3.3 million after discovering she made less than a male manager.

Featureflash Photo Agency // Shutterstock

2010: First woman wins Oscar for Best Director

Kathryn Bigelow took home two of the Oscars’ biggest prizes—Best Director and Best Picture—for “The Hurt Locker,” a dramatization of the Iraq war. Lauded by critics for her tight, suspenseful action sequences and realistic depictions of soldiers at war, she bested a cadre of well-known male directors (including her ex-husband, “Avatar” director James Cameron) and shattered the stereotype that women can only be successful in directing films about women.

Amnesty International Norge // Wikimedia Commons

2011: Saudi Arabian women protest driving ban

Saudi Arabia was the last country in the world that prevented women from taking the wheel. But in 2011, Saudi women’s rights activists used social media to organize a protest of this rule and grabbed the world’s attention. They made some headway—one female driver was given a ticket rather than being arrested when she was pulled over—and the ban was finally lifted in 2018.

AMISOM Public Information // Flickr

2012: UN passes resolution to ban FGC

Female genital cutting is a traditional but harmful cultural practice in many countries that affects an estimated 100 to 140 million women and girls around the world. Ending FGC has become a key issue for human rights advocates internationally, and on Dec. 20, 2012, they scored a huge win in the United Nations when the General Assembly unanimously voted to ban the practice. It set Feb. 6 as the International Day of Zero Tolerance, but the practice persists because the UN has no way to enforce it.

US Army // Wikimedia Commons

2013: Pentagon announces end to ban on women in combat

The formation of the Women’s Auxiliary Corp in the 1940s marked the first time women could officially serve in the U.S. military in some capacity, but even as more roles opened, women were still banned from direct combat. The Pentagon announced plans to lift the final official barrier for women in the military in 2013, in an effort seemingly driven by the military itself. It went into full effect in 2015.

Southbank Centre // Wikimedia Commons

2014: Malala Yousafzai wins the Nobel Peace Prize

Pakistani teenager Malala Yousafzai had been an advocate for girls’ education from a young age, but she came to global notice at the age of 15 when she was shot in the head by the Taliban for her outspokenness. Yousafzai gave a powerful speech at the United Nations on her 16th birthday, stating, “We cannot all succeed when half of us are held back.” In 2014, she became the youngest winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, and in 2020 she graduated from Oxford University.

Andrew Burton // Getty Images

2015: Emma Sulkowicz carries her mattress across campus

Columbia University senior Emma Sulkowicz’s year-long visual arts thesis, “Mattress Performance (Carry That Weight),” became a flashpoint in the ongoing conversation about sexual assault on college campuses. Sulkowicz—who uses they/them pronouns—carried a dorm mattress from September 2014 to May 2015, using art as a way to protest the school’s failure to remove the student that allegedly sexually assaulted them from campus. Since then, they’ve continued using art to bring attention to issues of sexual violence and harassment while universities continue to grapple with an issue that affects 26% of women in college.

Gage Skidmore // Flickr

2016: Hillary Clinton becomes first female presidential candidate for a major party

Eight years after losing the 2008 Democratic presidential primary to Barack Obama, former First Lady Hillary Clinton wrote her own name into the history books when she beat Bernie Sanders to win the 2016 Democratic nomination. Gender played a role throughout the election; the late-breaking tape showing Donald Trump making lewd comments about women made Clinton the clear favorite for many in the campaign’s final days. The 2016 election saw the biggest gap in men and women’s voting in history.

Sundry Photography // Shutterstock

2017: #MeToo movement takes off

In October 2017, The New York Times and The New Yorker released stories detailing horrific allegations of sexual assault against Hollywood mogul Harvey Weinstein and a pervasive culture of sexual harassment in the entertainment industry. A few days later, actress Alyssa Milano reignited the #MeToo movement started by activist Tarana Burke in 2006, encouraging women to share their stories.

lev radin // Shutterstock

2018: Record-breaking number of women are elected to Congress

1992 was America’s first “Year of the Woman” after Anita Hill’s Senate testimony inspired record-breaking numbers of women to run for—and win—seats in Congress. Donald Trump’s presidency, the #MeToo movement, and Christine Blasey Ford’s Senate testimony about an alleged assault by Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh were among the factors that drove record gains by women in the House, as well as historic firsts at the state and local levels.

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NASA/Bill Ingalls // Wikimedia Commons

2019: First all-woman spacewalk

In late October 2019, NASA astronauts Jessica Meir and Christina Koch performed the 221st spacewalk; only this time, the space station assembly support marked the first all-woman spacewalk. Although the milestone wasn’t intentionally planned, NASA explains, “It was bound to happen eventually because of the increasing number of female astronauts,” and that “the agency looks forward to putting the first woman and next man on the moon by 2024.” Meir and Koch replaced a battery unit that had failed to activate on the exterior of the station, and their achievement is the latest shining example of women influencing and leading an industry historically controlled by men.

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archna nautiyal // Shutterstock

2020: First woman elected US vice president

Kamala Harris made history on several major fronts in 2020 when she was elected vice president of the U.S. Born to an Indian mother and a Jamaican father, Harris is not only the first woman to become vice president, she is also the first Black American and the first South Asian American to win the vice presidency. In her victory speech, Harris said, “While I may be the first woman in this office, I will not be the last. Because every little girl watching tonight sees that this is a country of possibilities.”

Justin Setterfield // Getty Images

2021: Most gender-balanced Olympics in history

The Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games, rescheduled to summer 2021 because of COVID-19, commenced on July 23 with the first-ever gender-balanced Olympics. Nearly 49% of the participating athletes were women. Primetime coverage of the games was also distributed equally between women and men.

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2022: Ketanji Brown Jackson becomes first African American woman to serve on US Supreme Court

For 232 years, no African American woman had served on the U.S. Supreme Court. That changed in June 2022 when Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson was sworn in, becoming the 116th Supreme Court Justice and the first African American woman to hold the position. Jackson was nominated by President Joe Biden earlier that year and was confirmed by the U.S. Senate by a 53-47 vote largely down party lines.

Spring Theater Is (Almost) Here

Spring isn’t in the air quite yet, but here are Twin Cities shows opening this month and into the warmer season that you can look forward to:

Chanhassen Dinner Theatres

The Tony-nominated musical “The Prom” sets Broadway veteranss on a small town in Indiana, where they vouch for a teen thwarted from bringing her girlfriend to prom. It’s been made into a movie with Meryl Streep, it counters homophobia with feel-good vibes, and it runs at the dinner-and-a-show destination through June 10, after kicking off last month.

Children’s Theatre Company

The mischievous tale of Corduroy,” a teddy bear what’s lost his button, has returned for audiences aged 4 and up through April 2. After that, it’s the all-ages “An American Tail: The Musical,” based on Fievel’s story as a Russian immigrant trying to reconnect with his storm-sundered family in New York, as seen in that beloved mouse movie (April 25-June 18).

Guthrie

“Blues for an Alabama Sky” closes its run next week. The drama, set in Depression-era Harlem, stages the wavering fate of a tightknit group of friends while glancing at such serious topics as abortion, birth control, homosexuality, and Prohibition. It wraps on the Guthrie’s Wurtele thrust stage March 12.

Then,“Born With Teeth,” a play that premiered last spring in Houston, Texas, imagines a young Shakespeare collaborating with playwright Christopher Marlowe. The two flirt and evade authoritarianism on the McGuire proscenium stage March 4 through April 2.

History Theatre

The story of Melvin Carter Jr. (the father of St. Paul Mayor Melvin Carter) comes to History Theatre March 11 through April 2. Opening during racial tensions circa the 1950s and ’60s, “Diesel Heart” moves into the young Carter’s school years and through to his time as a St. Paul police officer. The story, written by playwright and Carter’s long-time friend Brian Grandison, pulls from Carter’s autobiography of the same name.

Next up, in “The Defeat of Jesse James,” the notorious desperado reenacts his “last gig” in a blend of rock music, Wild West showstopper, and homage to Northfield’s claim to fame. Runs April 26 through May 28.

Illusion Theater

“In This Moment…Now” revisits a 2020 work wherein African American artists and “friends of Illusion” came together to respond to George Floyd’s murder. Artists give an update in this limited-run show taking place April 14-16 and 21-23. Participants include Aimee K. Bryant, T. Mychael Rambo, Danez Smith, and Regina Marie Williams.

Jungle Theater

Running March 11 through April 16, “5” starts with a convenience store and throws in an offer from a real estate developer. The co-owners—two best friends—have to figure out what to do next, while narrative threads weave in gentrification, the notion of family legacy, and a community coming up against apocalyptic forces.

Theater Latté Da

“Hello, Dolly!” debuted to glowing praise at Theater Latté Da last month, featuring thrilling shifts to the Broadway hallmark’s subtexts and starring Regina Marie Williams as a force-of-nature Dolly. The approach is bold yet casual. Director and choreographer Kelli Foster Warder told the Star Tribune, “I was talking with a person who has been very successful on Broadway and they said in period pieces it’s not true to the story to cast people of different races, and I was like, ‘Well, we were there.’” Get your tickets through March 26.

After that, it’s “We Shall Someday,” a world premiere running April 19 through May 14 that digs into three generations of a Black family. Four actors drive forward this “intimate” musical and multi-media stage experience, using as a backdrop such historic figures in Black America as the Freedom Riders and Rodney King.

"Again": Dexieng Yang and Melody Her, who play Mai See and Quest, respectively
“Again”: Dexieng Yang and Melody Her, who play Mai See and Quest, respectively

Rich Ryan Photography

Theater Mu / Minnesota Opera / Mixed Blood Theatre

Author Kao Kalia Yang earned outstanding reviews for “The Song Poet”—and now, the memoir has fledged into an opera. Inspired by her song poet father, the Hmong-Minnesotan writer’s tale of immigration is described as the first Hmong story adapted for the operatic stage. This collaboration between Theater Mu and the Minnesota Opera runs March 9-26.

After that, Mu stages “Again” at Mixed Blood Theatre. Hmong memoirist and cancer survivor Mai See teams up with a filmmaker, Quest, who documents See’s life while living with chronic cancer herself. The musical aims to pull forward behind-the-scenes nuances those inexperienced with cancer may find enlightening. Recommended for ages 16 and up, it runs March 29 through April 16.

Park Square Theatre

What happens when the French Revolution piles together an assassin, a spy, a playwright, and Marie Antoinette, all in one snarling plot of murder, friendship, and comedy?: “The Revolutionists”—an all-women romp through rebellion that runs March 29 through April 16.

Then, Joe Chvala and the Flying Foot Forum mark three decades of the dance and theater company’s blend of percussion, off-the-wall stories, and wacky characters. Chavala, a multi-disciplinary performer and teacher, has spun theatrical works in Minneapolis since 1990, and if you’re not familiar yet, now is a good time. The show runs April 13-23.

Finally, a recently widowed former cop clings to his Manhattan apartment in “Between Riverside and Crazy,” a comedy-drama that won a Pulitzer in 2015 and offers a look at policing as it intersects with the Black experience. It runs March 24 through June 18.

Penumbra

In “Sugar in Our Wounds,” two enslaved young men on a plantation in the Civil War South find comfort in each other after they’re separated from their families. What follows is an exploration of queer love and freedom. The drama, directed by Penumbra’s Sarah Bellamy, runs through March 19.

"Misery" at Yellow Tree Theatre
“Misery” at Yellow Tree Theatre

Provided

Yellow Tree Theatre

The Osseo outpost closes its run of “Misery” on March 19. You may remember the story from the Stephen King novel or the movie domineered by a wild-eyed Kathy Bates. The 90-minute stage adaptation delivers: snowed-in romance novelist meets murderous big-time fan.

After that, it’s “Lady Day,” wherein Billie Holiday performs one of her last shows, running April 21 through May 21.

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